Stem cells grown in microgravity aboard the International Space Station (ISS) have unique qualities that could one day help accelerate new biotherapies and heal complex disease, two Mayo Clinic researchers say. The research analysis by Fay Abdul Ghani and Abba Zubair, M.D., Ph.D., published in NPJ Microgravity, finds microgravity can strengthen the regenerative potential of cells. Dr. Zubair is a laboratory medicine expert and medical director for the Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics at Mayo Clinic in Florida. Abdul Ghani is a Mayo Clinic research technologist. Microgravity is weightlessness or near-zero gravity.
„Studying stem cells in space has uncovered cell mechanisms that would otherwise be undetected or unknown within the presence of normal gravity,“ says Dr. Zubair. „That discovery indicates a broader scientific value to this research, including potential clinical applications.“
Adult stem cells found in bone marrow and adipose (fat) tissue do not divide and differentiate into specialized cells. As a result, the number of adult stem cells in any one patient is limited. To obtain enough stem cells for clinical research or patient use, cells must be multiplied and expanded. It’s an expensive, time-consuming process with inconsistent results.
Through research on the International Space Station, scientists gained new understanding of how cells multiply, function and morph into specialized cells. Importantly, they’ve also discovered microgravity fosters better cell growth and function compared to those cultured in an Earth lab setting.
„The space environment offers an advantage to the growth of stem cells by providing a more natural three-dimensional state for their expansion, which closely resembles growth of cells in the human body. That’s in comparison to the two-dimensional culture environment available on Earth that is less likely to imitate human tissue,“ says Dr. Zubair.
A comprehensive review of papers from the Mayo Clinic and other academic health centers shows space research has applications well beyond the lab. Several stem cell lines grown in weightlessness have shown clinical potential:
Mesenchymal stem cells are adult stem cells that secrete growth factors with potential for healing. Dr. Zubair’s team has documented that mesenchymal stem cells expanded in microgravity have greater immunosuppressant capabilities than those grown on Earth.
Hematopoietic stem cells have blood regenerative abilities to fight infection, stop bleeding and carry oxygen. Hematopoietic stem cells grown aboard the ISS have shown ability to expand and differentiate into red or white blood cells that could one day be used to manage patients with blood cancers.
Cardiovascular progenitor cells provide the building blocks for blood vessels and heart muscle. They play a crucial role in repairing muscle. Growing cardiovascular progenitor cells in space could someday provide new options for repairing tissue damaged by heart attack.
Neural stem cells are found in the central nervous system and play a key role in brain development, maintenance and repair. Neural cells expanded in a gravity-free environment and maintained their regenerative capabilities on Earth. Researchers are studying whether neural cells grown in space could offer replacement therapy for diseases of the central nervous system.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41526-024-00425-0
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